This simple act was like a stone thrown into a still pond. It sent out ripples across the nation that stirred people to take notice and to act. As the news of lunch-counter sit-ins spread, it opened eyes, inspired more to join the protests, and agitated some Americans into violence. Most importantly, it forced communities throughout the United States to confront segregation right where they sat down for a cup of coffee or tuna fish sandwich.

The sit-ins were a part of the nonviolent direct action strategy espoused by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. In 1955, nonviolent direct action had been successfully used in the Montgomery, Alabama bus boycotts. Led by Dr. King and Rosa Parks, the black citizens of Montgomery had desegregated the city’s public buses. In the early 1960s, black college students throughout the South would put this strategy into action in an attempt to desegregate lunch counters.

Essential Question:

What is nonviolent direct action? How and why was it used in the fight for civil rights and against segregation? Should the civil rights workers be considered American heroes?

Materials:

• Picture of the Greensboro Four: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/odyssey/archive/09/0909001r.jpg
  
• 1960 Greensboro Lunch Counter Sit-in news articles:
  February 2nd (transcript): http://www.sitins.com/headline_sitdown.shtml
  February 4: http://www.sitins.com/headline_2-4-60.shtml
  February 8: http://www.sitins.com/headline_2-8-60_2.shtml
  February 10th: http://www.sitins.com/headline_2-10-60_2.shtml
  February 24th: http://www.sitins.com/headline_2-24-60_B1.shtml
  
• Sit-in Articles Note-Taking Chart (pdf)
  
• Picture of lunch-counter sit-in Jackson MS, in 1963:
  Scroll to middle of webpage:
  http://www.crmvet.org/images/imgcoll.htm
  
• “Sitting In in Mississippi, 1963.” Excerpt from Anne Moody. Coming of Age in Mississippi. (pdf with questions) http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/templates/student_resources/ 0534607411/sources/old/ch29/29.1.comingofage.html
  
• Excerpt from Dr. Martin Luther King’s Letter from a Birmingham Jail
  (pdf with questions)
  http://liberationcommunity.stanford.edu/ TopicPages/letter_birmingham.html
  
• 1960’s Lunch-Counter Sit-ins: Concluding Assignment (pdf)
  
• Background of the Civil Rights Act of 1964: http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/39.htm

Day One:

Warm-up Activity:

Post the following questions on the chalkboard or overhead projector and have students write down their responses:

1. Who are your heroes?
   
2. What have these people done to deserve the label “hero”?
   

Explain that because these four students sat down to order lunch in 1960, Dr. Martin Luther King said that we should recognize them as heroes.

Ask students to speculate about why sitting at this counter in Greensboro, North Carolina in 1960 might make them heroes.

Procedure:

1. Divide the class into groups of three or four.

2. Read aloud the Greensboro sit-in article from February 2, 1960. After reading, have the students identify the who, what, where, when, and why referenced in the article. These should be posted on the chalkboard.

3. Assign one of the four sit-in news articles of February 4-24, 1960 to each student in each group. In turn and following the chronological order of the articles, each student should read his or her article aloud. After each article is read, ask the students to work as a team to record the positive and negative information and/or reactions related to the sit-ins mentioned in the news that day. This information should be recorded on the Sit-In Articles Note-taking Chart.

4. Once all groups have completed this activity, findings for each of the articles should be shared with the class as a whole.

5. Next ask the students to respond to the questions listed below. (This can be done as an informal group discussion, or each student can write a formal response to the questions before the class discussion.)

Discussion Questions:

A. Based on information in the February 4 article, what was responsible for the segregation of Woolworth lunch counters in Greensboro?

B. Based on the articles, what were some of the positive effects of the publicity given to the sit-ins?

C. Just based on the information from the articles from February 4-24, would you call the Greensboro sit-ins a success? Why or why not?

Homework Assignment:

1. Display picture of the 1963 lunch-counter sit-in in Jackson, Mississippi. (Scroll down to middle of webpage: http://www.crmvet.org/images/imgcoll.htm) Explain to the students that their homework will be to read a firsthand account of this sit-in written by one of the participants -- a woman named Anne Moody, who was a college student in Jackson in 1963.


2. Distribute Sitting In in Mississippi, 1963 by Anne Moody, and the related questions. Tell the students that besides reading the excerpt, the second part of their homework assignment is to answer the questions.

Day Two:

Procedure:

1. Ask the whole class to discuss the student responses to the reading and questions from the previous night’s homework assignment.
   
   
2. Explain that the students involved in the Greensboro and Jackson sit-ins were following the nonviolent direct-action strategy espoused by civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Tell the class that King defended this strategy in a letter he wrote from a Birmingham, Alabama jail cell.
   
3. Read aloud excerpts from a Letter from a Birmingham Jail. Students should read along, and then write answers to the questions that follow the excerpts.
   
4. Discuss student responses to the questions.
   
5. Use student answers to question #2 to generate a class definition of nonviolent direct action. Post this definition on the chalkboard.
   
   

Summary/Closure:

1. Display the picture of the 1963 Jackson, Mississippi lunch-counter sit and ask students to verbally answer the following questions:

1. How does the picture illustrate nonviolent direct action? Explain.


2. How does the picture illustrate tension? Explain.


3. Have the students pictured here achieved the immediate, short-term goal of nonviolent direct action? Explain.

Application:

• Ask students to brainstorm a list of ways that nonviolent direct action could be implemented to combat a problem in today’s world, perhaps even in their own community.
  
• Ask students where in today’s world they may already be aware of people engaging in nonviolent direct action (for example: the recent protest marches and economic boycotts of immigrant activists).
  
• Ask students to consider whether the actions of the protestors at the lunch counter left an enduring legacy for the protest movement. Ask students if they think protestors today would be willing to submit themselves to the abuse dealt out to the students in the 1960s.